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A Unilateral Variation in Triceps Brachii Muscle Demonstrating a Fourth Head
Address for correspondence Shveta Swami, MBBS, MS, Department of Anatomy, Kalpana Chawla Government Medical College, Karnal, Haryana 132001, India (e-mail: shveta_swami@rediffmail.com).
This article was originally published by Thieme Medical and Scientific Publishers Pvt. Ltd. and was migrated to Scientific Scholar after the change of Publisher.
Abstract
Introduction
Triceps brachii muscle is the only muscle of posterior compartment of arm, consisting of three heads—long, lateral, and medial. Radial nerve and profunda brachii artery run in the radial groove that separate lateral and medial head. Evolutionarily, triceps has many subheads which either fused or disappeared. Therefore, the knowledge of muscle is essential anthropologically and clinically, and this study aims to study the anatomical variations of triceps brachii muscle.
Case Report
In the present case, during routine dissections of undergraduate MBBS students, a fourth head of origin of triceps brachii muscle was seen in a male cadaver in the right arm. The variation was seen only unilaterally in cadaver. The origin was tendinous arising from the posteromedial aspect of upper part of the shaft of the humerus close to the surgical neck above the radial groove. This tendon was arching over the neurovascular bundle containing radial nerve and profunda brachii artery.
Discussion and Conclusion
The variations of triceps brachii muscles are mentioned in literature but are uncommon and if tendinous fourth head is present over the neurovascular bundles, it may lead to compression syndrome. Hence, these variations are of great importance to the radiologists, surgeons, and orthopaedicians while dealing with posterior compartment of arm.
Keywords
triceps brachii
variations
fourth head
neurovascular bundle
compression syndrome
Introduction
The triceps brachii muscle belongs to the posterior compartment of the arm. It has medial, long, and lateral heads and is an extensor of the forearm at the elbow joint. The long head arises by a flattened tendon from the infraglenoid tubercle of the scapula, blending above with the glenohumeral capsule. The lateral head arises by a flattened tendon from a narrow, linear, oblique ridge on the posterior surface of the humeral shaft, and from the lateral intermuscular septum. The medial head, which is overlapped posteriorly by the lateral and long heads, has a particularly extensive origin. It is attached to the entire posterior surface of the humeral shaft, below the radial groove at the medial border of the humerus; the medial intermuscular septum; and the lower part of the lateral intermuscular septum.1
The variant triceps muscle is clinically important for surgeons dealing with entrapment or compressive neuropathies, orthopaedicians operating on fractures of the humerus, anesthetists performing pain management therapies on the upper limb, and radiologists doing radiodiagnostic procedures, for example, computed tomography (CT) scan, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the arm and angiographic studies, and physiotherapists doing electromyography for evaluating and recording electric activity produced by the skeletal muscles.
Materials and Methods
During routine dissections of undergraduate students at Kalpana Chawala Govt. Medical College of Karnal in Haryana, a unilateral variation in the number of heads of triceps brachii was found in a male cadaver, aged 60 years, on his right side.
The variation found was fourth head of origin of triceps brachii muscle seen in a male cadaver in the right arm. The origin was tendinous arising from the posteromedial aspect of upper part of the shaft of the humerus close to the surgical neck above the radial groove. This tendon was arching over the neurovascular bundle containing radial nerve and profunda brachii artery. In the lower one-third of the posterior aspect of the arm, the tendon continued as muscular belly which merged with the medial part of long head of triceps brachii. No abnormality was seen in the insertion of triceps brachii. The extra fourth head received its nerve supply through a separate branch from radial nerve (►Figs. 1 and 2).
- Fourth head of triceps brachii muscle. FHT, fourth head of triceps; LaHT, lateral head of triceps; LHT, long head of triceps; RN, radial nerve.
- The nerve supply and insertion of fourth head of triceps brachii. FHT: fourth head of triceps; LaHT, lateral head of triceps; LHT, long head of triceps; RN, radial nerve.
Discussion
The triceps brachii muscle is normally composed of three heads. A fourth head of triceps may arise from various points on the humerus, scapula, shoulder joint capsule, or the coracoid process.2 In the present case, the origin of fourth head of triceps brachii was tendinous arising from the posteromedial aspect of upper part of the shaft of the humerus close to the surgical neck above the radial groove.
Fabrizio and Clemente also demonstrated the fourth head of triceps brachii arising as a single tendon from the proximal posteromedial aspect of the shaft of humerus and distal to the shoulder capsule. The tendon of this fourth head passed along the medial aspect of the humerus and formed a muscle belly on the distal one-third of the humerus.3 Similarly, ipsilateral four-headed triceps brachii muscle was found by Tubbs et al.4 This head originated from the posterior aspect of the surgical neck of the humerus.
Cheema and Singla also found extra head of triceps brachii muscle originating from humerus from the medial side of surgical neck of humerus. The muscle belly of extra head was blending with the long head of triceps brachii muscle.5 Kulkarni et al found the fourth head of triceps brachii that was arising from the upper part of the posterior aspect of the shaft of the humerus immediately below the capsule of the shoulder joint and from the upper part of the oblique line along with lateral head of triceps brachii. The origin was by a long tendon which extended on the medial aspect of arm after crossing the radial nerve and profunda brachii vessels superficially along with the lateral head of triceps brachii. In the lower one-third of the posterior aspect of the arm, the tendon continued as muscular belly which merged with the medial part of medial head of triceps brachii.6
Khona and Ashwini in their study on 60 upper limbs found fourth head of origin of muscle observed in two different male cadavers in right and left arms, respectively. The variations present were seen only unilaterally in both cadavers. One of the variations of fourth head was similar to the present study with tendinous origin from posteromedial aspect of upper part of the shaft of humerus and running over the neurovascular bundle, containing radial nerve and profunda brachii artery. The second variation was taking its origin from the posterior part of the capsule of the shoulder joint and the fourth head was muscular throughout and no tendon was found.7
Clinical Relevance of the Variation
Clinically, the proximity of the tendon of the fourth head to the radial nerve and the deep brachial artery may be a contributing factor for their compression, especially during a strenuous exertion or muscular contraction, resulting in a neurovascular compromise. Thus, clinicians diagnosing or treating patients with weakness or pain of posterior arm should consider muscular variations of this compartment that may result in neurovascular compression. The variant triceps muscle is clinically important for surgeons dealing with entrapment or compressive neuropathies, orthopaedicians operating on fractures of the humerus, anesthetists performing pain management therapies on the upper limb, radiologists doing radiodiagnostic procedures, for example, CT scan, MRI of the arm and angiographic studies, and physiotherapists doing electromyography for evaluating and recording electric activity produced by the skeletal muscles.8
Embryological Basis
From an embryological aspect, the lateral plate mesoderm migrates into the upper limb bud and condenses along the central axis to form the skeletal components. The mesoderm from the somites migrates into the limb bud and condenses to form the muscle component of the upper limb. During week 5, the mesoderm forms these somites (myotomes) and gives rise to a posterior and anterior condensation. The mesoderm of these two condensations differentiates into myoblasts. The triceps brachii muscle is derived from the posterior condensation and it is possible that during this period, such accessory muscles or muscle heads can originate.9 Also in the present study, neurovascular bundles might have separated the fourth head from the medial head and long head of triceps brachii, respectively.
Comparative Anatomy
Comparative anatomically, the triceps brachii muscle in carnivores is bulky and is made up of many sub heads of the muscle, long head has anterior and posterior parts. Branches of the profunda brachii artery and vein pass out between these two parts, medial head has small-to-intermediate and long heads, and lateral head
According to this, the present variation in the study may be due to nonfusion of these heads during evolution.
Conclusion
Though the anatomical variations of the triceps brachii muscle are fairly rare, they can be of importance for clinicians who perform surgical intervention on the upper limb. Thus, surgeons, anesthetists, orthopaedicians, radiologists, and also anatomists should have knowledge about the incidence of such variations. The probable reason for the presence of extra heads of triceps brachii may be due to interference in the development of musculature of upper limb by any connective tissue or neurovascular bundle or during evolution, the fusion or disappearance of the subheads of the three heads of the triceps brachii muscle is not completed.
Conflict of Interest
None declared.
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